大多数的期刊会对投稿文章设定字数或篇幅限制。用较精简文字表述,不只可以增加文章出版的机会,还能提升文章的易读性。
本文将讨论,如何删减论文中的字词,让您的文章更易被期刊编辑和读者接受。
冗词赘字
用单一动词替代词组:
- 用explain取代 account for the fact that
- 用currently取代at the present
- 用many取代a great number of
- 用however取代despite the fact that
使用更简洁的主动语态,来取代被动语态:
The interview was conducted by the researchers.(被动语态,7个字)
The researchers conducted the interview.(主动语态,5个字)
用字名词化,比如动词或形容词转名词,再结合主动语态,能使句子更精简达义。
A negative correlation between the intervention and rehabilitation period was observed.(11个字)
The intervention correlated negatively with the rehabilitation period.(8个字)
Use of the technique led to an increase in the amount of fish catch.(14个字)
Use of the technique increased the amount of fish catch.(10个字)
另外,使用单一动词,而不用动词词组,也能减少句子字数,例如:
We cut down on the amount of drug administered over time.(动词词组,11个字)
We reduced the amount of drug administered over time.(单一动词,9个字)
当然,挑选合适的用辞,能进一步缩减字数,例如:
We reduced the drug dosage.
第一人称
第一人称代词(I, we, me, our等)能用来强调个人观点,但却不一定在任何场合都适用,看看下面的例句:
We found that the exercise program alleviated back pain of the participants.
句中的第一人称会传递一种主观看法的意味,若换作客观的被动语气,不仅效果会比较好,且字数会较少。
The exercise program alleviated back pain of the participants.
冗余信息
删掉不必要的次要信息的字眼。如下的介词词组,传递的是冗余的信息,删掉也不会影响语意:
- 用small,而不用small in size
- 用rectangular,而不用rectangular in shape
- 用blue,而不用blue in color
删掉不恰当、不必要的修饰语,如:
Careful MRI is necessary to identify lesions in the brain.
句中careful是不恰当的,因为MRI是机器。
Many inclusion criteria were adopted for participant recruitment.
以上这句,这类的论文势必会有收案标准(inclusion criteria),因此不需要告诉读者有多项(many)的收案标准。
也建议要避免前后矛盾、语意不清的情况。
Although slight difference was observed, it was not statistically insignificant. (虽然观察到了些微的差距,但统计结果并不是不显著。)
此句显然有些前后矛盾,因此改为:
Although slight difference was observed, it was statistically significant.
最后,it has been shown that、it is widely accepted that、it should be noted that等引导句,通常是冗赘的,建议不要过度使用。
说清楚
言简意赅的表达(如专有名词),会比模糊不清的描述,让文章更好懂。
The patients with cancer were examined by oncologists.(言简意赅)
The patients with cancer were examined by adequately qualified medical personnel.(表达较复杂)
使用图表
表格能以相对简洁的方式,呈现大量的数据,从而把空间省下来。但同时要注意,表格的设计一定要精简,删去冗赘信息。例如,如果受试者都是女性时,就没有必要加上性别一栏。关于表格中的单位,将单位放在标题或脚注,而不是放在各数据的表框内。
避免语义重复
避免语义重复,如:过往的历史(past history,历史不是本来就发生在过去吗?);最后的结果(end result,结果不是本来就会在最后阶段呈现吗?);提前规划(advance planning)、真正事实(in actual fact)、多样的不同(various different),更多诸如此类。
副词也会有重复的状况,如:definitely confirmed、may possibly、repeat again等。请审视您的论文,对这类冗余作调整。
图表的信息不要在内文中重复,例如:
The data regarding age, sex, BMI, intervention measures, and quality of life scores for all patients are presented (Table 1).
这句即冗且长,试看下句:
The participant characteristics are presented in Table 1.
强调语意时要谨慎,修饰性的副词不一定必要,如:very special、extremely extraordinary、exactly the same等,这些副词是冗赘的,应该删除。
避用进行式
进行式代表事情正在进行中,在学术写作中最好不要用进行式,因为这样会造成强制使用没必要的Be动词,如:
We were delivering a questionnaire to the participants.(过去进行式)
修改后的句子较上句简洁且易读:
We delivered a questionnaire to the participants.(一般过去式)
缩写
正确使用缩写,可以让文句精简。相较其完全拼写形式,许多学术用语的缩写形式,反而比较广为人知,如:DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid,脱氧核糖核酸)和PCR(polymerase chain reaction,聚合酶链锁反应),这些缩写能提升文章的流畅度和清晰度。
PCR was used to amplify patient DNA.
对于这类广为人知的缩写,不需要在文中定义。而对于非标准缩写,应该在文中首次使用时加以定义,并且在后文中,一律使用同一缩写。
原句:
The MB contains the SC, IC, and SN.
修改后:
The midbrain (MB) contains the superior colliculus (SC), inferior colliculus (IC), and substantia nigra (SN).
不要吝惜删字
论文作者常常不愿意删掉自己花费时间写出的文字,但是删减论文内不必要的信息,反而能让读者把注意力聚焦在重要内容上。建议您在时间允许的情况下,把文章暂时搁置,沉淀一段时间后,再来决定要删掉什么内容。这样做能较容易发现冗余的用词和无关紧要的信息。希望这期电子报,能为您提供文字刪減的建议,以符合期刊投稿的字数限制。