现代中文的标点符号大致上脱胎于西方的标点符号,因此用法上也大同小异。即便如此,在使用上仍有须注意之处。以下对各常用的符号在英语中的使用,作简要说明。
Apostrophe(符号是 ’,撇号)
Apostrophe有三种用途:
- 所有格,例如all the king’s men。
- 简写,例如do not的简写形式为don’t。
- 单一字母的复数,例如字母a的复数为a’s,而非as。
Brackets(符号是() [ ] { } <>,括号)
Brackets的用途是提供补充说明或标记文献引用。当用作提供补充信息时,brackets里的信息往往被视为次要信息,如例句所示:
The computer (a Dell Inspiron 1525) was put inside a case and was then used to measure impact frequencies.
Colon(符号是 :,冒号)
Colon的用途是提出一串清单,或是一段解释。需注意colon之前必须是一个完整的句子。例如:
This study will examine four major factors: interest rates, financial structure, management issues, and systematic processes.
Let’s start by looking at the only rule of colon use: a colon should only appear after a complete sentence.
Comma(符号是 , , 逗号)
Comma在文句中的用途是分隔两个子句以及标记语气停顿处。
Dash(符号是 – 和 —,连接号)
Dash可以进一步细分为en dash(符号是 –)与em dash(符号是 —),简单说就是长度分別。
En dash的用途如下:
- 表达一段数值或时间的范围,例如 1.8–3.3、July 1–December 31、ages 65–75。
- 创造合成词,且其连接的词须为对等性质,例如Taipei–Tokyo flight、doctor–patient relationship。
Em dash的用途就如同中文的破折号,例如:
Academic publishing—an activity that can be difficult for new scholars—is crucial to promotion and funding early in an academic’s career。
不同于brackets,em dash是用来吸引读者的注意力,也就是说要凸显加注信息的重要性。请见以下三种写法:
Academic publishing (an activity that can be difficult for new scholars) is crucial to promotion and funding early in an academic’s career.
Academic publishing, an activity that can be difficult for new scholars, is crucial to promotion and funding early in an academic’s career.
Academic publishing—an activity that can be difficult for new scholars—is crucial to promotion and funding early in an academic’s career.
在第一种写法中,作者认为an activity that can be difficult for new scholars这样的补充说明并不是很重要,所以放在brackets。
第二种写法中,作者认为an activity that can be difficult for new scholars有足够的重要性,但还不需要特别强调,所以只用comma把它作为一个子句分隔开来。
第三种写法中,作者认为an activity that can be difficult for new scholars是读者必须注意的重点,所以用em dash来吸引读者的注意。
Ellipsis(符号是 ...,删节号)
Ellipsis是用来示意该处省略掉一部分文字。
Exclamation mark(符号是 !,惊叹号)
Exclamation mark是用来表达惊讶语气的符号。学术写作中除非是原文引用或访谈纪录,否则通常会避免使用exclamation mark。
Hyphen(符号是 -,连字符)
Hyphen的用途在于创造合成词,例如post-ANOVA test、small-bowel obstruction、word-of-mouth。
Period/Full stop(英式英语称为full stop,符号是 .,句号)
Period是用来表示句子完结的符号。除此之外,亦用于表示缩写,例如Washington, D.C.。
Question mark(符号是 ?,问号)
Question mark是用来表达疑问语气的符号。学术写作中除非是原文引用或访谈纪录,否则通常会避免使用question mark。
Quotation marks(符号是 ‘ ’ 与 “ ”,引号)
Quotation marks的用途是标注一段引述的文字或是一段具有特别意义的文字。在英语中,读者往往会将第二种用法解读为带有讽刺意味,使用时应留意。例如,She ran around with a bunch of “intellectuals”(她周旋于一群“知识分子”中间),句里intellectuals一字带有贬意,表示作者不认为那群人真的够格称为知识分子。
另外,须注意美式英文主要使用“...”,若“...”里面的内容也有用到quotation marks的需求,则使用‘...’。英式英文则完全相反,主要用‘...’,‘...’里面的quotation内容则用“...”。以下为例句,同时请注意period的位置。
美式英语:
Angela had the nerve to tell me “When I saw ‘BYOB’ on your invitation, I assumed it meant ‘Bring Your Old Boyfriend.’”
英式英语:
Angela had the nerve to tell me ‘When I saw “BYOB” on your invitation, I assumed it meant “Bring Your Old Boyfriend”’.
Semicolon(符号是 ;,分号)
Semicolon的用法有两种,其一是强调两个句子之间的紧密关联性,如例句:
Rejection of journal editors for poor English can only be avoided by revising the document carefully first, to ensure that English errors have been removed; this process of revising requires that the author or proofreader understands how to use grammatical conventions accurately in academic writing.
在此例句中,若将semicolon改成period,可将一个长句拆成两个独立句子,但两句间的关联性也随之减弱。
Semicolon的第二种用法是用在清单中,尤其是复杂的清单,如下例:
The research on scholars’ academic writing for international publication confronts three main issues: the difficulty of finding suitable samples of academic writing at a similar English level across domains; the tension between coauthors, given that their knowledge of English may differ widely; and the tendency of researchers to value harmonious working conditions over correcting each other’s English errors and the possible conflict that might create.
Slash(符号是 /,斜线)
Slash在句子中的用途是用以表达区分,如he/she、and/or。