介词是定义人、事、物之间的空间、方位、移动方向、时间、甚至抽象关系的单词或词组。
介词的英文为 “preposition”,由前缀 “pre-” 和字根 “position” 组成,意指放在某位置(position)之前(pre-)的词。顾名思义,英语介词大多出现在地点名词前,用于标记位置或方位关系,例如:“on the table、inside the box、at the corner” 等。基于这样的具体方位关系,介词可衍生用于表达抽象关系。
先前的文章中已介绍过使用介词表达具体的方位关系,而本期文章浅析介词在抽象关系上的应用。
介词 “In”
介词 “in” 原本意指“在一定范围内”,延伸用于表达“在某抽象范围内”、“处于特定状态”、“以某种语言表达”,例如:
I saw a girl in red. → 身着红色
The boy grows in love. → 被关爱中
The article is written in English. → 用英语表达
She left in a hurry. → 处于匆忙中
介词 “On”
介词 “on” 原意为“在某接触面上”,延伸用于表达“在接触的面向上”,例如:
The study on the syntactic analysis of machine language is thriving. → 在研究主题上
He spent a lot of money on books. → 花费在购书上
介词 “At”
介词 “at” 的概念原本是“在某定点”,延伸用于表达“在相关定点”的概念,例如:
The lion gazed at its prey. → 视觉定点
She is also good at music. → 特定专长
The student is aiming at the scholarship this year. → 努力目标
介词 “Above”
介词 “above” 的概念原本是“在某物上方”,延伸用于表达“在某概念之上”、“超过”或“不在范围内”,例如:
The men above 65 years were recruited as participants. → 超过65岁
Temperatures rarely rise above zero in winter. → 高于零度
Peter is a grade above me. → 高一个年级
No one is above suspicion in this matter. → 脱离嫌疑
介词 “Under”
介词 “under” 的原意是“在某物下方”,延伸用于表达“处于某情况之下”或“不足”,例如:
The playhouse is for children under 8. → 八岁以下的孩童
We all feel under pressure because of the approaching deadline. → 在压力之下
Under the current rules, you need the agreement of at least 6 out of 10 committee members. → 根据既有规则
也可表示在某书目主题或类别之下:
The book about Adam Smith may be under the Economics or Politics. → 在经济或政治的类别下
In taxonomic hierarchy, tigers are placed under the family Felidae. → 在猫科属别下
也可表示“受到……的影响”,例如:
Tommy is under the weather. → 受天气影响,引伸为身体不适
The patient is under heavy sedation. → 受到深度镇静影响的病患
介词 “Against”
介词 “against” 的原意指“抵/靠在某物上”,延伸用于表达“反对”或“防止/阻隔”的概念,例如:
More than 1000 people voted against the proposal. → 反对提案
People usually insure their cars against fire, theft, and accident. → 预防火灾、窃盗、事故造成的损失