写论文时,尤其是文献回顾部分,常常需要引述其他研究者的研究结果。除了According to Wang et at. (2019),您还有什么引述的表达方法呢?以下提供一些常见的范例,供您参考。
引述文献的动词有非常多,但并不是都可以两两替换。以下我们介绍常见的引述动词,并提供Merriam-Webster词典的定义,同时分析不同动词间的细微差异。
比较中性的引述动词有state,report和mention。使用这几个动词时,没有情感上支持或反对,只是转述他人论述。
- State:to express the particulars of especially in words (表达,特别是用语言表达的细节)。
如果您想表达“张等人(2015)说…”,与其用say,用state会更为恰当:Zhang et al. (2015) stated that…。
- Report:to give an account of (记述)。
例句:Yan and Lai (2015) reported that they developed a new treatment for AIDS.
Yan and Lai(2015)提到他们发展了艾滋病的一种新治疗方法。
- Mention:to make mention of; the act or an instance of citing or calling attention to someone or something especially in a casual or incidental manner。(提及;引起对某人或某物的注意的行为或事例,尤以不经意或偶然的方式)。
动词mention词指点到为止的提到某件事,但没有深入讲解。
例句:In the margin of his notebook, Pierre de Fermat mentioned that he had a proof for a theorem, but he did not provide it. (在笔记本的边缘空白处,费马提到他证明了一个定理,但他没有把证明写出来。)
动词maintain, assert和proclaim表示支持所引述的他人的见解、论述等。
- Maintain:to affirm in (确认)
- Assert:to state or declare positively and often forcefully or aggressively积力地陈述或声明
- Proclaim:to declare publicly, typically insistently, proudly, or defiantly and in either speech or writing (以演讲或书面形式公开地,通常是坚持地,自豪地或反抗地宣布)
例句:Tsai and Chesney (2014) maintained/asserted/proclaimed that the secret to a happy marriage lies in…(Tsai与Chesney(2014)声明幸福婚姻的秘诀在于…。)
动词suggest,believe和think通常表示所引述的内容缺乏较充分的证据。
- Suggest:to mention or imply as a possibility (提及或暗示可能性)
- Believe:to hold as an opinion (持有意见)
- Think:to have a view or opinion (有看法或意见)
从词典定义可以看出,这三个词都有“不确定”的意味,或者是主观性的意见跟看法,因此在学术论文中,我们比较少会使用这几个词。毕竟我们会引述的,大多是已被发表、有证据支持的事实。
动词insist和claim都是用在您认为所引述的内容与事实有所出入的时候。
- Insist:to be emphatic, firm, or resolute about something intended, demanded, or required(对预期或要求保持坚定或坚决)
- Claim:to assert in the face of possible contradiction (在可能的矛盾面前断言)
例句:Despite the overwhelming evidence, Lin (1995) insisted/claimed that he did not manipulate his data.(尽管铁证如山,Lin (1995)坚持他没有篡改数据。)