垂悬与错位修饰语
语法指南一般都会长篇大论垂悬(dangling modifier)与错位修饰语(misplaced modifier),因为它们是常见的语法错误。其实,这类错误较容易识别与修正,只要记住,在一个句子中起修饰作用的单词,应与被修饰的内容紧密连结在一起,而不是孤单地悬在别处。
垂悬修饰(Dangling modifier)之主动语态
常见错误之一是,修饰短语距离其被修饰名词距离太远了,而造成垂悬结构,比如:
Frying on the grill, Chen smelled the Copper River salmon(在烤肉架上烘烤着,小陈闻到了铜河三文鱼)
这读起来像是小陈(Chen)是那个躺在烤肉架上被烘烤的对象,因为他的名字是离修饰短语frying on the grill最近的名词。要修改该句,只需将垂悬的修饰短语移到离它修饰的单词鲑鱼(salmon)近一点的地方,句子就非常清楚了:
Chen smelled the Copper River salmon frying on the grill
有时候,垂悬结构让人分辨不清修饰短语修饰的究竟是哪一个单词:
Lily is allergic to raw apples and almonds(莉莉对生苹果和杏仁过敏)
究竟她是只对生杏仁过敏,还是对所有杏仁(包含烤过的)过敏?吃错东西的话,严重的会攸关生死。下面这版本就清楚多了:
Lily is allergic to almonds and raw apples(莉莉对杏仁和生苹果过敏)
动名词引导的修饰短语,非常常见,也是造成垂悬修饰的主要原因。例如:Having bought the guitar, Wei Chi now needed tuning(买了吉他后,伟智需要调音),显然句中的it是不可能bought the guitar。解决这个垂悬错误的办法之一是点明购买人:
Wei Zhi, having bought the guitar, now need to tune it(伟智买了把吉他,现在得对其调音)
以下是另一个例子,垂悬修饰位于句尾:
The retirement party was a disaster, not having realized that Arthur had been jailed the previous week(退休宴会是场灾难,本来还不知道亚瑟上周进了监狱)
The retirement party显然不会是realize的主语,于是可指明究竟谁是主语:
The retirement party was a disaster because we had not realized that Arthur had been jailed the previous week(退休宴会是场灾难,我们本来还不知道亚瑟上周进了监狱)
垂悬修饰(Dangling modifier)之被动语态
被动式动词经常被误用:
In reviewing Gareth's computer records, hundreds of hours spent playing online games were
identified(在检视加雷思的计算机使用纪录时,花在打网络游戏的几百个小时被发现了)
这类句子对很多人不存在阅读障碍,但技术上来说,需要明确指出是谁发现了这件事。增加行动施予者并转换为主动语态可解决这垂悬问题:
The auditor, in checking Gareth's computer records, identified hundreds of hours that he had spent playing online games.(审计员在检查加雷思的计算机纪录时,发现他花了几百个小时打网络游戏)
错位修饰(Misplaced modifier)之副词位置
一个句子中,almost、even、hardly、just、only、nearly等副词特别容易放错位置。Romeo almost kissed Juliet as soon as he met her(罗密欧差点亲吻了朱丽叶,在一见到她的时候),请同下句对比:Romeo kissed Juliet almost as soon as he met her(罗密欧亲吻了朱丽叶,几乎在他刚见到她的时候)。这类修饰副词的位置很重要,摆在不同位置,使得句子的意思大相径庭。