句子中有模棱两可的代词,其实是一件扰人的事。指示代词是独立的,如this、they、it、those、these,然而在句子开头就用上,似乎期望读者知道这些代词所指的事物为何,但事实上真的没有人知道。
一般而言,要使用指示代词,前提是它指代的是之前提及过的某个名词或名词词组;否则无任何前情提要下,直接使用this、they、it、those、these,会造成读者混淆。
举一个简单的例子:
Doctoral writing demands text work and identity work, patience, persistence and creativity. This is why it is often hard.
句中this指的是什么呢?博士论文?文字工作与解析工作、耐心、毅力还是创造力?以上的一部分?还是以上的所有?为了避免如此不必要的猜测,建议修改如下:
Doctoral writing demands text work and identity work, patience, persistence and creativity. This combination of time-limited practice, skills and habits often make it hard for new PhD students.
指示代词还常被用作句子间或段落间的衔接。例如:
Doctoral writing demands text work and identity work, patience, persistence and creativity. This combination of time-limited practice, skills and habits means that new PhD students can have difficulty settling into their new program. Because of this, supervisors and graduate schools need to provide a range of formal and informal support.
句中Because of this中的this指的是什么呢?作者的意思是不是说,指导教授需要注意所有列出的问题或棘手的组合,或两者皆是?再看看以下。
Doctoral writing demands text work and identity work, patience, persistence and creativity. This combination of time-limited practice, skills and habits means that new PhD students can have difficulty settling into their new program. Because new PhD students may be overwhelmed by the sheer volume of new tasks and expectations, supervisors and graduate schools need to provide them with a range of formal and informal support.
以上的范例显示,指示代词的不恰当应用,往往会导致模棱两可的句意。事实上,使用模棱两可的指示代词,其实是很草率的做法,让读者觉得作者在写作时不够用心。作者发表论文的初衷是向读者传达自己的研究成果。因此,建议不妨将模棱两可的this、they、it、those、these,视为迈向明确论述的第一步,并正确使用、加以说明,才是明智之举。
作者在快速写作或草稿撰写时,经常使用模糊的代词。但当文字不断累积时,作者可能会过于专注在大方向上,以至于忘记或是来不及修改细节部分。因此,应养成习惯,写作时标注没有指代对象的this、they、it、those、these这类代词,再适时进行推敲、修改。您会发现,修改的过程,同样是一个不断完善自己逻辑的过程。
指示代词this、they、it、those及these的使用,看似件小事,但稍加注意,便可使您的写作更清晰、证据更充分,且更具有说服力,所谓“魔鬼藏在细节里”。