问题:我应该将engineer一词改为大写吗?
—客户来信提问
回答:
只有在engineering或engineer是专有名词的一部分时才需要大写,例如出现在学校或机构的名称中。其他作为职业或一般英语名词时,则应该保持小写。
下面提供一些如何使用engineering和engineer的例句:
一般名词:Many of my best friends are electronics engineers.
一般名词:Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American engineer who left a respected legacy in both his native Croatia and his adopted home, the United States.
一般名词:She intends to major in engineering when she goes to college.
专有名词:The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc. (ABET) is a nonprofit that accredits colleges and universities in different fields related to its name.
学术写作中的大写规则
名字和头衔
人名中的姓和名,以及称谓、头衔的首字母使用大写:
Dr Thomas Chen、Mr Thomas Chang、M.A. Thomas Lin、M.D. Thomas Tsai、Ph.D. Thomas Li,、Mrs Anna Chang、Ms Anna Li、Miss Anne Yu、Governor Jones、Auntie Jill and Uncle Ian、Professor Yang、Major Chung、Alexander the Great (注意:the不用大写)、the Elizabethan Age、a Christian civilization、Buddhist philosophy
有些名词既可以做称谓用,又可以做一般名词用。这类词做一般名词时,不用大写:
(1) He is a professor at the university.(意指一种职业)
(2) She is a director in the company.(意指一种职位)
地名
地名及由地名衍生的单词需要大写:
Paris、France、French cuisine、Bombay、India、Indian culture、Ghana、 Afro-Americans、Montreal、Canada、Canadian students、China、Asia、Asian studies、the United States、the United Kingdom、British traditions
定冠词the作为地名的一部分时,通常不会大写,如上例所示。
书名
对于书籍名、刊物名、文章或短篇故事等著作名,以及戏剧、电影、影集时剧名,单词首字母要大写,但其中的冠词、连接词、介词不用大写,除非位于起始位置,则首字母大写。
(1) The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary(书籍)
(2) A Dictionary of Medical Terms(书籍)
(3) An Act of Bravery(文章)
(4) Learning by Doing(文章)
(5) Metaphors in Discourse(文章)
(6) The Marriage of Figaro(歌剧)
(7) The Times(报纸)
(8) Time(杂志)
大学课程的名称
大学课程的名称需要大写,但泛指的学科不用大写。
(1) Lars is taking Chemistry III this term.(大学课程)
(2) Have you registered for Law L20?(大学课程)
(3) She is writing a paper for her world history course.(学科)
(4) Many universities require students to take courses in English literature.(学科)
最后的例句中,English是大写,因为国籍要大写,而非特定的课程。
日期、月份等
日期、月份、星期、假日、历史上的一段时期和历史事件通常要大写,而季节不需要大写。
(1) January、February等
(2) Sunday、Monday等
(3) New Year’s Day
(4) Thanksgiving
(5) Easter
(6) Passover(也即Jewish Easter)
(7) the Middle Ages(the通常不用大写)
(8) the Civil War
(9) The warmest months are in the summer.
(10) Many allergies arise during spring.
(11) There is a dramatic difference between autumn (BrE)/fall (US) and winter months in some countries.
天文名
行星、恒星、星座名要大写:Jupiter、Venus、Gemini、Mars、Saturn、Orion。然而,earth、moon、sun一般情况下不用大写,但与其他天体一同陈述时,要大写,如:
- The earth revolves around the sun. (不用大写)
- The four planets closest to the sun—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—compose the inner solar system. (需大写)
概要、列表、图示
概要、列表或图示标题第一个词的首字母要大写。下面提供相关实例的样式:
3 Material and method
3.1 Corpora
3.1.1 On the use of corpora in linguistic research
3.1.2 Corpora used
3.1.2.1 PAROLE
3.1.2.2 BNC
3.2 Creating appropriate databases
3.2.1 Further reductions and divisions of my databases
3.2.1.1 Parsing errors
3.2.1.2 Direct modification
3.2.1.3 Negation and negative polarity items
3.2.1.4 Passives
3.3 Linguistic intuition and informants
3.4 Concluding remarks
方位
有关东西南北(east, west, south, north)方位及其复合词,在用于特定地区或专有名词时需要大写,但单纯用于表示方向时不用大写。
(1) The holiday in the South.
(2) The Northeast has severe storm warnings tonight.
(3) Professor James is an expert on the Middle East.
(4) Mr. and Mrs. Jones go east every summer.
(5) Kiruna is north of Stockholm and Malmö is south of it.
(6) Western Australia and South Australia are west of New South Wales.
(7) The language section is along the north end of the main library.
(8) When you come to the next corner, turn left and drive east for three kilometers.