研究论文写作的挑战之一是化繁为简。为了帮助读者理解您的想法,您必须写出清楚的句子结构,传递句意。
不幸的是,研究写作充斥着可能造成误解的字词,因而让您无法随心所欲地表达自己的意思。在此,我将以医学研究写作中常造成混淆的词为例,解释该如何正确使用这些词,让您的句意更加明确。
不可替换使用的词
首先,我们来看看在研究写作中常被替换使用,但其实意思不同的词:
Compose及comprise
Compose代表“组成”,如:
The heart is composed of two ventricles and two aorta .
Comprise代表“包含”,如:
The heart comprises two ventricles and two aorta.
常见的错误是混用comprised of与composed of:
(╳)The heart is comprised of two ventricles and two aorta.
Continual及continuous
Continual代表“有间隔的重复发生的”,continuous代表“持续不间断的”,请看下面两个例句:
A continuous intravenous infusion of antibiotics was administered for three days after surgery.(病人连续三天不间断地接受抗生素输液。)
A continual intravenous infusion of antibiotics was administered for three days after surgery.(病人在三天时间内接受间断式的抗生素输液。)
例句中continuous和continual的使用,代表不同的句意。
Consequently及subsequently
这两个词常常被搞混,原因是两者都指称之后发生的事情,但是它们有不同的意思。Consequently意思是“作为……的结果,因此(as a result )”,subsequently则是“稍后(later)”,举例如下:
The donated organ stopped working shortly after transplantation. Consequently, the patient had to return to regular dialysis treatment.(捐赠的器官在移植后不久就停止工作。 因此,患者不得不恢复常规透析治疗。)
这里替换为subsequently句意上也说得通,因为透析治疗是在肾脏移植失败之后进行的,但是透析是因为肾脏移植失败才重又开始的,因此consequently较能准确表达前因后果的逻辑关系。
如果您想要表达于某事之后发生,则使用subsequently:
Cortical neurons were plated in 6-cm petri dishes. Subsequently, the cells were transferred to an incubator and left to settle.
(皮层神经元置于6 厘米的培养皿中。 随后,将神经元细胞转移到培养箱中并静置。)
此句使用subsequently,来表达一个研究程序的先后步骤。若用表示因果关系的consequently于此处,则是不恰当的。
Dose及dosage
Dose意指一次给予的药量,dosage意指给药的量和频率,通常是以一单位时间内有多少数量来表示,如下:
A 40-mg dose was administered every hour.(每小时给予40毫克剂量的药。)
The dosage was 40 mg per hour.(药剂量为每小时40毫克。)
Fewer及less
Fewer是用于形容可数名词的多寡,指涉数目(number);less是用于形容不可数名词的多寡,指涉数量(amount),例如:
(╳)We recruited less patients to the non-intervention group.
(○)We recruited fewer patients to the non-intervention group.
→ 我们为对照组招募了较少的病患测试者。
(╳)Patients in the non-intervention group received fewer treatment.
(○)Patients in the non-intervention group received less treatment.
→ 对照组病患测试者接受的治疗较少。
也应该注意amount和number的区别。指涉不可数名词时使用amount,指涉可数名词时使用number。
(╳)A large amount of participants took part in the study.
(○)A large number of participants took part in the study.
→ 大量的测试者参与了这项研究。
Imply及infer
Imply 代表“暗示”,infer代表“以……为基础推导出”。说话者或作者通常会imply,而聆听者或读者会infer。
The protocol implies that foetal calf serum should not be added to the cell culture medium.(该协议暗示不应将胎牛血清添加到细胞培养基中。)
The reader infers that foetal calf serum should not be added to the cell culture medium.(读者推断不应将胎牛血清添加到细胞培养基中。)
Risk及harm
Risk是某种有危险的事物造成伤害(harm)的机会,研究论文中常见的错误是使用risk代表harm,如:
(╳)There is a risk of radiation exposure during a CT scan.
(○)There is a risk of radiation exposure harm during a CT scan.
→ 在CT扫描过程中存在辐射暴露伤害的风险。
Congenital及 genetic
Congenital形容出生时即显现的,而genetic形容因基因和染色体的原因而具表征型的。天生(congenital)缺陷不一定是由遗传(genetic)原因造成的,而遗传性疾病亦不一定会在出生时显现。
正确用词是谨慎、精准态度的体现
学术写作被视为一项严谨的工作,论文中不正确的用词,可能会使期刊编辑质疑您研究的品质。下面是一些常于研究论文中被误用的词语:
Abort
指的是被提早中止的过程,如在生殖医学中,abort用在孕期上,而非用于胚胎或孕妇。
Endemic
用于描述经常出现于特定人口或地区的疾病,常见的错误是将endemic用于描述地区,如:
(╳)Parts of Africa are endemic for malaria.
(○)Malaria is endemic in parts of Africa.
→ 疟疾在非洲部分地区流行。
Negative及positive;abnormal及normal
应该用于描述试验结果,而非试验本身。
(╳)The CRP blood test was negative.
(○)The CRP blood test results were negative.
→ CRP验血结果为阴性。
Abnormal和normal也是同样的用法:
(╳)The brain scan was normal.
(○)Results of the brain scan were normal.
→ 脑部扫描结果正常。
Acute及chronic
用于描述时间长度(acute=“短期的、急性的”;chronic=“长期的、慢性的”),而非指症状、健康状况或疾病的严重性,如下句:
The patient had chronic heart problems.(病人有慢性心脏问题)
这句指病人的心脏问题已经持续了一段时间,并不是指有严重的心脏病。
另外常见的错误是将acute和chronic用于形容病人、治疗、药物,如下:
(╳)He was a chronic heroin user.
(○)He was a long-term heroin user.
→ 他是一个长期吸食海洛因的人。
(╳)The patient received chronic dialysis treatment.
(○)The patient received long-term dialysis treatment.
→ 患者长期接受透析治疗。
(╳)Acute administration of epinephrine was required.
(○)Immediate administration of epinephrine was required.
→ 需要立即注射肾上腺素。
Repeat
该词可以是名词或动词,但却常被误用为形容词,例如:
(╳)A repeat surgery was performed.
(○)The surgery was repeated.
→ 手术重复进行。
不可比较性
并非所有的形容词都有比较级,有些形容词无法合理地量化或进行比较:
- Pregnant
一定不可能写more pregnant,一个在第38周孕期的妇女并不会比在第1周孕期的妇女更加怀孕,怀有三胞胎也同样不会比怀一胎的妇机更加怀孕。
- Absolute
- Infinite
- Entire
- Comprehensive
- Final
- Unique
- Preferable
避免误解
学术写作必须用词准确,才能避免读者误解。希望以上内容有助于您区分论文中常用却易混淆的字词,正确传达您的想法。