在从事英语写作和翻译时,掌握基本的语法规则和句型是绝对必要的。在正式的英语语法中,主语与谓语动词的搭配,是相当严谨的,而在中文中则没有那么讲究,例如中文的主语常常被省略掉,举例如下:
例句:当心脏衰竭症状恶化时,容易造成尿量减少、下肢水肿、体重增加、疲倦、食欲变差、四肢冰冷等现象。
上句用副词分句开头,后面接着的都是现象的描述,明显少了主语,但对中文读者而言,完全不会影响句意理解。将此句直译成英语:
When heart failure symptoms deteriorate, easily causes phenomena such as reduced urination, edema in the lower limbs, weight gain, fatigue, loss of appetite, and cold extremities.
这样的译句因主语缺失,成了一个病句,让人看了不禁摇头。有两种改法,如下:
改写一:Deteriorated heart failure symptoms easily cause reduced urination, edema in the lower limbs, weight gain, fatigue, loss of appetite, and cold extremities.
句中将原句的副词分句改写成句中的主语。这样的改写基本不会造成读者的阅读障碍,但仍有改善的空间。若是能够在句中补充上“病患”的语意,句意就更完整,如:
改写二:Deteriorated heart failure symptoms easily cause patients to have reduced urination, edema in the lower limbs, weight gain, fatigue, loss of appetite, and cold extremities.
另一种改法是填补上原句省略的主语。原句探讨的是心脏衰竭症状造成的身体现象,所以可以推断原句主语应为病患,加入此主语后,译句如下:
改写三:When heart failure symptoms deteriorate, patients tend to have reduced urination, edema in the lower limbs, weight gain, fatigue, loss of appetite, and cold extremities.
如此,译句就成为主谓语齐全、合乎语法的完整句子,让读者能轻易理解。
中文中省掉主语的作法非常普遍,因此在中翻英时,译者必须在解析原文时多下功夫,视上下文转化词性或增补内容,提供通畅、达意、合乎文法的翻译,从而提高译文的质量。